Cloudways Review 2023: Blazing Fast Managed Cloud Hosting for Beginners and Professionals

Reviews1~years ago (2023)~Updated LetsHosting

Cloudways is a web hosting service that offers managed cloud hosting solutions for various types of websites and applications. Cloudways lets you choose from three different cloud providers: DigitalOcean, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). You can also select from multiple server locations around the world to host your website.

Cloudways aims to provide a fast, secure, and easy-to-use hosting platform for small businesses, freelancers, e-commerce stores, agencies, and anyone who wants to create and manage their websites without worrying about the technical aspects of cloud hosting. In this review, we will look at some of the features, pricing, pros, and cons of Cloudways and help you decide if it is the right hosting service for you.

With a managed hosting solution, you can unleash your website’s full potential with efficient, expert support along with the freedom, tools, and security your company needs to scale. Ok, Let’s get started.

Key Features of Cloudways

Cloudways is a feature-rich web hosting service that sets itself apart from its competitors. Its impressive range of features includes:

Managed Cloud Hosting: Cloudways takes care of the server management, security, backups, updates, and optimization for you. You don’t need to have any technical skills or experience to use Cloudways. You can focus on your website content and design while Cloudways handles the rest.
Multiple Cloud Providers: Cloudways lets you choose from three reputable cloud providers: DigitalOcean, AWS, and GCP. Each provider has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of performance, pricing, scalability, and reliability. You can compare them and pick the one that suits your needs and budget best.
Pay-as-You-Go Pricing: Cloudways has a flexible and transparent pricing model that lets you pay only for what you use. You can choose from different plans based on the cloud provider, server size, storage space, bandwidth, and other features. You can also scale up or down your server resources anytime without any downtime or extra fees.
Free SSL Certificates: Cloudways provides free SSL certificates for all your websites hosted on their platform. SSL certificates encrypt the data between your website and your visitors’ browsers, making it more secure and trustworthy. SSL certificates also improve your website’s SEO ranking and performance.
Free Website Migration: Cloudways offers free website migration for one website per account. You can use their automated migration tool or request their expert support team to move your website from your previous host to Cloudways without any hassle or downtime.
24/7 Live Chat Support: Cloudways has a friendly and knowledgeable support team that is available 24/7 via live chat. You can also access their extensive knowledge base, blog, community forum, and video tutorials for more help and guidance. If you need more advanced support, you can opt for their premium support add-on for an extra fee.
In-House Cache Plugin: Cloudways has its cache plugin called Breeze which helps you optimize your website speed and performance. Breeze automatically caches your website files and database queries, reduces the file size of your images and code, and integrates with Cloudflare CDN for faster delivery of your content.
Team Collaboration Features: Cloudways allows you to collaborate with your team members or clients on your projects. You can create multiple team members with different roles and permissions, assign them to different servers or applications, and monitor their activities. You can also use Git integration, SSH access, SFTP access, staging areas, and cloning features to manage your code and deployments.

Cloudways Optimized Apps

Cloudways offers optimized apps for peak performance, managed WordPress hosting with guaranteed success and advanced caching technology for faster performance, lightning-fast Magento e-commerce cloud hosting, feature-rich cloud hosting for Laravel websites, and a flexible platform for custom PHP server deployments.

With Cloudways, we can simplify cloud hosting, scale the websites, and focus on growing their business without worrying about hosting and server management hassles.

Managed WordPress Hosting for Guaranteed Success

Simplify cloud hosting and scale your WordPress or WooCommerce websites on Cloudways. The easy-to-use Managed Web Hosting features include advanced caching technology like Breeze, Cloudways cache, and Cloudflare Enterprise. These features work together to deliver faster performance and increased security, making for a seamless web hosting experience.

Lightning-Fast Magento E-commerce Cloud Hosting

Supercharge your eCommerce websites with Cloud Hosting for Magento web apps. Cloudways’ built-in caching technologies include Cloudways Full Page Cache and CloudwaysCDN to optimize your website’s speed. The Magento-Focused Managed Web Hosting features simplify your experience and deliver incredible performance, allowing you to focus on growing your business.

Feature-Rich Cloud Hosting for Laravel Websites

Deploy and manage Laravel-powered applications on Laravel Managed Hosting, supported by the top cloud providers. Cloudways platform simplifies dev workflows, so you can focus on business logic and growth instead of worrying about hosting and cloud server hassles.

Flexible Platform for Custom PHP Server Deployments

Complex hosting requirements are no match for the Cloudways hosting platform. It’s designed to give you maximum flexibility, freedom, and convenience to ensure problem-free deployments and near-instant scalability for your Custom PHP applications.

Cloudways Performance

Looking for a hosting platform that can offer faster page loads, 99% uptime, and over 10 times the visits for half the cost? Look no further than Cloudways’ uniquely optimized stack that provides instant improvements to site speed and uptime while cutting your costs by over 50% compared to managed hosts like SiteGround, Kinsta, and WPEngine.

If you are keen on comparing Cloudways with other managed cloud hosts, then it’s always about finding the best performance for the lowest price, right? Well, whether you run an agency or a small business, or a WordPress blog, you will get better performance with Cloudways, hands-down. Other managed hosting plans may come with limits on the number of visits and websites, forcing you to max out traffic well before you exhaust the high-performance server resources that you paid for.

Cloudways, on the other hand, lets you handle an astonishingly higher volume of traffic than other competitors. The servers outperform in server response times and reduce latency, loading time, and bandwidth costs. Even better, they make it possible for businesses to see a boost in speed and uptime just by switching to Cloudways.

Any secret? Yes, The Cloudways Thunderstruck, a PHP stack, is packed with the world’s best server software installed on the world’s best cloud providers. And the result? You get noticeably faster websites, right out of the box.

Cloudways introduced the Cloudflare Enterprise add-on that sits atop Thunderstruck and boosts performance at the edge. You can now access Priority CDN, tiered cache, advanced image, and mobile optimization, all of which ensures the fastest possible content delivery globally.

And finally, the icing on the cake: Cloudways performs better, handles more visitors, and still costs LESS than other managed cloud hosts. So switch to Cloudways today and get the best of both worlds: high performance and affordability.

Visit Cloudways.com

Cloudways WordPress Hosting

Cloudways offers lightning-fast WordPress hosting that is perfect for developers and agencies looking to deliver optimal website performance. With Cloudways hosting service, you can instantly improve your Core Web Vitals, keeping your website fast and responsive to the user’s needs.

The platform includes enterprise-grade security measures, such as DDoS protection with Cloudflare, ensuring your website stays secure and protected from malicious attacks.

Cloudways’ WordPress hosting stands on four pillars that guarantee the best experience for your website:

Speed: Powered by leading cloud providers, Cloudways guarantees 99.99% uptime and lightning-fast loading speeds, averaging between 200-400 milliseconds.
Security: With Cloudways, your website is fully protected. Benefit from end-to-end encryption, free SSL certification, two-factor authentication, and advanced DDoS attack mitigation with the industry leader, Cloudflare Enterprise.
Support: Cloudways’ team of experts is always available to assist you 24/7, providing the best-in-class support with a 96% customer satisfaction score.
Scalability: Be confident that your website can handle traffic spikes and growth with Cloudways hosting. Scale-up resources quickly and efficiently to match your changing needs.
Pricing: Say goodbye to confusing pricing and hidden fees with Cloudways’ straightforward pricing plans. They offer no website or visitor caps, no overage charges, and no renewal costs. You only pay for what you use, making it easy to understand and budget for your website hosting needs.

If you’re looking for top-class WordPress hosting that is fast, scalable, secure, and affordable, Cloudways is the perfect choice.

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

Cloudways Ecommerce Hosting

E-commerce hosting is a specialized hosting platform that caters to the specific needs and requirements of e-commerce websites. An effective e-commerce hosting solution offers a range of essential features, including payment gateways, SSL certificates, improved security, shopping cart management, and other such capabilities. Fortunately, there are numerous e-commerce web hosts available for users to choose from.

If you’re looking to launch and manage your e-commerce business seamlessly, Cloudways managed hosting has got you covered. With Cloudways, you can forget about the hassles of hosting and focus on accelerating your business’s growth.

Now you can launch your website in just a few minutes, choose from top Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) providers, and deploy your server efficiently. Cloudways platform is specifically designed to help you build and host e-commerce websites swiftly and more collaboratively.

Cloudways makes scaling and managing your e-commerce website a breeze. Experience faster website hosting with an ironclad security wall and smooth scalability. You can easily adjust vital specifications, such as storage, RAM, CPU, and bandwidth, directly from your dashboard.

Whether you’re using WooCommerce, Magento, Prestashop, or OpenCart, Cloudways has a dedicated hosting solution for your e-commerce business. Cloudways’ feature-packed platform offers a solid foundation powered by some of the world’s leading IaaS cloud providers. With advanced caching technologies and Cloudways CDN, you get superior performance, reliability, and scalability for your e-commerce store.

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

Servers Behind Cloudways

We tested the performance of the server (DigitalOcean) used by cloudways. DigitalOcean streamlines cloud computing to allow developers to focus on building software that has the potential to make a significant impact on the world.

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

How to Use Cloudways

Cloudways is an exceptional cloud hosting provider that offers flexibility and simplicity with 1-click settings, devoid of the complexities of command lines or cPanel.

With Cloudways, users can easily customize and launch cloud servers without wasting valuable time sifting through voluminous documentation or being stuck debugging error messages.

Cloudways’ intuitive interface is clean and user-friendly, providing a seamless experience, and freeing up customers to focus on their business without worrying about technical details.

Cloudways Demo

Experience the ease of Cloudways Managed Hosting with a Self-Guided Tour. Simply answer a few questions, and create a personalized, instant guided tour showcasing how easy it is to launch a server and application and scale servers, all with just a few clicks.

Let’s simulate the demo for blogging:

Take a Tour

Let’s take a tour of our platform to show you how easy it is to launch and manage your servers and applications.

Create your free trial account

The first step is to click on the Start Free button to create your free trial account.

Sign up

Fill out this simple form to start your free Cloudways trial.

Choose Server Details

The server launch process is as easy as it gets. The first step is to choose and name your application.

Choose Cloud Providers

Next, you have the freedom to choose from three best-in-class cloud providers. All three of them differ in pricing and data center locations.

Choose the RAM Size

Once you are done selecting your cloud provider, the next step is to choose the RAM size that you would require for your application.

Choose a Location

Finally, you get to choose a data center location of your choice.

Launch Server

Once you are done with all the above steps, just click on Launch Now to deploy your server on Cloudways.

Want to sign up?

You can sign up for Cloudways now with a 3-day free trial to try it for yourself! SIGN UP HERE

Get Ready

It takes about 10 minutes for your server to get ready. Enough time for you to grab a cup of coffee.

Find SSH Public Keys

The SSH Public Keys allow you to access your server through an SFTP such as FileZilla.

Scale Server Size

To scale your server size, just head over to the Vertical Scaling option where you can easily increase the size of your server in a few clicks.

Auto Backups

Cloudways allows you to schedule backups, set backup frequency, and backup retention.

Application Management

Click on the application called “Demo” to see Application Management options.

Server Access Details

Here you will see the master credentials for your application which includes the username and password.

Domain Management

To point the domain to your Cloudways server, click on the domain management option where you can add your domain.

Migration Tools

Our free migrator plugin allows you to migrate all your WordPress applications for free without paying anything extra.

Add Cloudflare CDN

Adding Cloudflare to your application is just a few clicks away. Just enter your domain and click on Enable to dramatically improve your site performance.

Update Easily

You can find SafeUpdates in the bottom tab within Application Management. The feature allows you to update themes, plugins, and WordPress core for multiple applications at once. With SafeUpdates, you can schedule updates as well.

Are you ready?

You can sign up for Cloudways now with a 3-day free trial to try it for yourself! SIGN UP NOW

Elevate your website to new heights with our managed platform tailored to digital agencies, developers, and e-commerce businesses. Enjoy reliable and hassle-free cloud hosting solutions backed by 24/7/365 support. Take advantage of our advanced features and experience the peace of mind that comes with knowing your website is in good hands.

Cloudways Security

Every Cloudways account is designed to ensure maximum security and protection for users. The platform comes equipped with a range of features that safeguard user data and minimize the risk of unauthorized access, such as:

Firewalls

Each managed server features a firewall that allows access only to specific ports needed for application functionality.

Login Security

Rate-limiting for SSH and SFTP logins is an effective way to combat brute-force login attacks.

Bot Protection

Malcare, Cloudways’ technology partner, helps protect WordPress websites from malicious bots and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks.

Database Security

Databases cannot be accessed remotely by default, but users can whitelist IP addresses to set up secure remote access.

Application Isolation

Each application launched on a single server is isolated from the others, preventing application-level issues from compromising the entire server.

SSL Certificates

Let’s Encrypt SSL certificates are provided to all users for free, ensuring the security of application data in transit.

User Role Management

Primary account holders can set up customized server access lists to provide access to server functionalities as and when needed.

Operating System Security

Cloudways is powered by Debian and features a strong and prompt patch management system. Cloudways engineers regularly update server patches upon availability.

Cloudways Bug Bounty Program

The platform partners with BugCrowd to crowdsource vulnerability discovery in the Cloudways Platform.

GDPR Compliance

Cloudways’ compliance with the requirements of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) demonstrates a commitment to the security of customer data and the European customer base.

Two-Factor Authentication

Access to the platform is protected with industry-standard Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) to strengthen platform security.

End-to-End Encryption

Cloudways is fully protected with end-to-end encryption, ensuring that all data in transit is protected with HTTPS protocol.

Suspicious Device Login Control

Cloudways checks all devices attempting to access your account, interrupting login processes and notifying users of suspicious logins via email, taking appropriate actions to verify user identity.

Cloudways Data Centers

Cloudways is a managed cloud hosting service that doesn’t have any physical data centers. Instead, the company acts as an intermediary that allows you to host your data at different data centers using their platform. They offer a choice of five top cloud providers: DigitalOcean, AWS, and Google Cloud. In total, there are over 65 data center locations offered by their infrastructure partners across America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

By the way, Cloudways offers several data center locations in Europe through their infrastructure partners. Some of the locations include England (London), Netherlands (Amsterdam), Germany (Frankfurt), Belgium, Finland, France (Paris), Sweden (Stockholm), Ireland, Italy (Milan), and more. You can choose the location that best suits your needs when creating a new server on their platform.

When you sign up for Cloudways and create a new server, you will be prompted to choose a cloud provider and a data center location. You can select the location that is closest to your target audience to ensure the best performance for your website. If you need help choosing the right data center location, Cloudways’ support team is available 24/7 to assist you.

Cloudways Pricing

Cloudways has different pricing plans based on the cloud provider you choose, you can also customize your server size and features according to your needs and budget. You can check the full pricing details on their website.

Cloudways also offers a 3-day free trial for you to test their service before signing up. You don’t need to provide any credit card information to start the trial. You can also get a pro-rated refund if you cancel your account within the first three days of billing.

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

Cloudways Web Hosting Calculator

Discover the Potential Savings with Cloudways. Cloudways offers exceptional performance at a budget-friendly cost. Simply complete the form to find out the significant savings you can enjoy in comparison to Kinsta, WP Engine, and Flywheel.

Please note that the calculator relies on publicly available data sourced directly from hosting providers. The pricing plans provided are exclusive of any additional costs and taxes.

Uncertain about whether Cloudways is the perfect fit for your needs? Cloudways simplified the decision-making process by offering a hassle-free, no-cost trial. With absolutely no credit card required, you can easily sign up and explore the platform’s extensive features and capabilities.

Witness the effortless launch of a server or a WordPress app with just a few clicks. Elevate your website to the clouds and witness the transformation firsthand.

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

Cloudways Promo Code

Coupon: CW30FOR3

Ready to take your online business to the next level without overspending on cloud hosting? Look no further than Cloudways, the reliable and affordable managed cloud hosting provider.

With Cloudways, you can experience top-tier managed cloud hosting without breaking the bank. And now, you can save even more with our exclusive promo code, giving you 30% off for 3 months on all plans.

Whether you’re running a small website or a large-scale e-commerce operation, Cloudways has the tools and features you need to grow and succeed online. So why wait? Take advantage of this amazing offer today and join the millions of customers who trust Cloudways for their cloud hosting needs.

Sign up

Cloudways Pros and Cons

Cloudways has many advantages, but it also has some drawbacks that you should consider before choosing it as your web hosting service. Here are some of the pros and cons of Cloudways:

Pros

Fast and Reliable: Cloudways delivers fast and reliable web hosting performance thanks to its cloud-based servers, SSD storage, dedicated resources, advanced caching, and CDN integration. Cloudways also guarantees a 99.99% uptime for your websites.
Easy to Use: Cloudways has a user-friendly and intuitive interface that lets you easily manage your servers, applications, domains, backups, security, and more. You can also use their one-click installation feature to install various apps such as WordPress, Magento, Joomla, Drupal, and more.
Flexible and Scalable: Cloudways gives you the flexibility to choose from different cloud providers, server locations, and plans. You can also scale up or down your server resources anytime without any downtime or extra fees. You only pay for what you use with their pay-as-you-go pricing model.
Free SSL Certificates: Cloudways provides free SSL certificates for all your websites hosted on their platform. SSL certificates encrypt the data between your website and your visitors’ browsers, making it more secure and trustworthy. SSL certificates also improve your website’s SEO ranking and performance.
Free Website Migration: Cloudways offers free website migration for one website per account. You can use their automated migration tool or request their expert support team to move your website from your previous host to Cloudways without any hassle or downtime.

Cons

No Email Hosting: Cloudways does not offer email hosting as part of its web hosting package. You will need to use a third-party email service such as Gmail SMTP or Rackspace Email Hosting for your email needs. You will also need to pay extra for these services.
No Domain Registration: Cloudways does not offer domain registration as part of its web hosting package. You will need to register your domain name with another provider such as Namecheap or GoDaddy and point it to your Cloudways server.
Limited Customer Support: Cloudways only offers basic customer support via live chat and a knowledge base. If you need more advanced support, such as phone support, ticket support, or priority support, you will need to pay extra for their premium support add-on.
Low Storage Space: Cloudways offers relatively low storage space compared to some other web hosting services. For example, the basic plan for DigitalOcean only gives you 25 GB of storage space, which may not be enough for some websites or applications that require more space.

Cloudways 24/7/365 Support

Cloudways provides three levels of support to cater to the varying needs of its customers.

Standard Support is available to all Cloudways customers at no additional cost. It offers round-the-clock access to a dedicated support team member via live chat. This team is specially trained to help customers with any operation on the Cloudways platform.

For customers who require more extensive support, the Advanced Support add-on is available. This add-on provides faster response times and access to a wider range of Cloudways expertise. With Advanced Support, customers can expect expert answers, deeper application troubleshooting, customization support, proactive monitoring, and more.

For businesses that rely on mission-critical sites that demand high uptime and availability, the Premium Support add-on is recommended. This add-on takes the partnership between Cloudways and its customers to the next level.

In addition to all the benefits of Advanced Support, customers also receive even quicker response times, a dedicated Account Manager, a private Slack channel, and direct phone support. With Premium Support, customers can be assured that their issues will be resolved promptly and efficiently.

Cloudways Resource Center

Cloudways Resource Center is a place where you can find in-depth ebooks, case studies, webinars, and more to help you achieve measurable results and excellence for your business.

Some of their ebooks include “Understanding WordPress Content Management System for Agencies”, “From Sales to Returns and Everything in Between”, “Optimizing Magento Performance Like a Pro”, “Guide to Fundraising for Nonprofits”, “Laravel with VueJS An Integration Handbook” and many more.

You can access Cloudways’ ebooks by visiting their Ebooks Library on their website. From there, you can explore their collection of ebooks and read them online.

Cloudways User Group

About this group

We can join the Cloudways Facebook Group to connect with users from around the globe! Engage in lively discussions, share insights, and learn invaluable tips from Cloudways’ community. It’s the ideal platform to expand your knowledge and connect with like-minded enthusiasts. Don’t miss out!

The following content comes from the user grout:

Every cloud has a silver lining, and it is all about deciphering that silver lining – reading between the lines. This is why we have set up this social community because Cloudways wants to get really close with our users and everything that is related to the cloud platform.

This group is for every cloud on the internet. If you are a part of Cloudways, whether a developer, designer, marketer, affiliate, partner, or user..then you need to be here!

What will we be doing here?

– We will use this platform to answer your queries/confusions about Cloudways
– We will keep on sharing informative articles from the hosting industry.
– We will be updating the groups with announcements, offers, giveaways, competitions, and testimonials.

C2P- Cloudways to People:

Every fortnight (or sometimes monthly), the Cloudways management, developers, and system will sit for an hour and answer your queries. You will be in a live chat with people who have built the revolutionary cloud platform. All discussions will be covered using the hashtag #C2P.

Some rules that govern this group:

– All posts will be moderated by an administrator.
– Remarks against race, caste, or socially degrading remarks will not be tolerated against anyone and will result in a straight ban from the group.
– If discussions are extended without reason, then the moderators hold the right to end it.
– You can ask questions related to support IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO FIND THE SOLUTION VIA our 24/7 Live Tech Support and/or Ticketing System.
– Discussions among Cloudways users about business and exchange of services are encouraged but no blunt advertisements!
– Users can discuss or request Cloudways use cases.
– ZERO TOLERANCE TOWARDS SPAM!

Cloudways Knowledge Base

Cloudways offers a range of resources to help you get started, including onboarding support to help you get up and running quickly. They also provide guidance on managing your subscription and billing, with detailed information on account management and platform upgrades.

For server and website administration, Cloudways has a dedicated section where you can search for your topic and get the help you need. They also offer comprehensive monitoring of server and application health, with over 50 articles to provide you with guidance and support.

If you encounter any issues with your server or application, Cloudways provides a helpful troubleshooting guide to assist you. If you cannot find the information you need, their support team is always available to help.

Additionally, Cloudways has an affiliate and referral program, which they explain in detail to help you make the most of the program.

Conclusion: Is Cloudways Right for You?

Cloudways is a great web hosting service for anyone who wants to enjoy the benefits of cloud hosting without the hassle of managing it themselves. Cloudways offers fast, secure, and easy-to-use web hosting solutions with multiple cloud providers, server locations, and plans to choose from.

Cloudways is especially suitable for beginners and professionals who want to create and manage their websites using popular apps such as WordPress, Magento, Joomla, Drupal, and more. Cloudways also offers a lot of features such as free SSL certificates, free website migration, an in-house cache plugin, team collaboration features, and more.

However, Cloudways is not perfect and has some drawbacks that you should be aware of before signing up. Cloudways does not offer email hosting or domain registration as part of its web hosting package. You will need to use third-party services for these needs and pay extra for them.

Cloudways also only offers basic customer support via live chat and a knowledge base. If you need more advanced support, such as phone support, ticket support, or priority support, you will need to pay extra for their premium support add-on.

Cloudways also offers relatively low storage space compared to some other web hosting services. For example, the basic plan for DigitalOcean only gives you 25 GB of storage space, which may not be enough for some websites or applications that require more space.

Overall, Cloudways is a web hosting service that offers a lot of value and flexibility for its customers. If you are looking for a managed cloud hosting service that lets you choose from different cloud providers, server locations, and plans, Cloudways can be a good option for you.

Try the #1 Managed Hosting Provider for SMBs, Agencies & Developers—for Free. Get started with $100 in free hosting credits for DigitalOcean servers. Use Coupon: DOCEAN100

Sign up and Get $100 Credits

Cloudways FAQs

Here are some frequently asked questions about Cloudways:

What is Cloudways?
Cloudways is a managed cloud hosting platform that offers an easy-to-use interface for deploying and managing popular cloud providers such as DigitalOcean, AWS, and Google Cloud.
What are the benefits of using Cloudways?
The benefits of using Cloudways include easy deployment, automatic backups, SSL certificate installation, easy scaling, and 24/7 support.
How does Cloudways differ from traditional hosting providers?
Cloudways differs from traditional hosting providers in that it offers managed cloud hosting, which means that the infrastructure is provided and managed by the cloud provider, while Cloudways manages the hosting platform and offers software support.
Does Cloudways offer support?
Yes, Cloudways offers 24/7 support via live chat and email support, and phone support during business hours.
How much does Cloudways cost?
Cloudways pricing varies depending on the cloud provider and resources used. The starting price is $10 per month, and pricing is based on hourly usage.
Does Cloudways provide a free trial?
Yes, Cloudways offers a free trial of its platform with no credit card required. You can try the platform for free for 3 days with full access to all features.